An abnormal mass of tissue that usually does not contain cysts or liquid areas. Solid tumors may be benign (not cancer), or malignant (cancer). Different types of solid tumors are named for the type of cells that form them. Examples of solid tumors are sarcomas, carcinomas, and lymphomas. Leukemias (cancers of the blood) generally do not form solid tumors.

Different types of solid tumors are named for the type of cells that form them. Examples of solid tumors are sarcomas and carcinomas. We treat all types of malignant (cancer) solid tumors that occur in children and adolescents including:

The Global Neurosurgical Oncology market is expected to raise 11.71% over the session of 2014-2019. Neurosurgery session includes Image Guided Surgery, Laser Surgery, Surgical operation for brain fibro adenoma, Spinal Neurosurgery, Skull base surgery, Neuro surgical treatment, Geriatric Neurosurgery, latest innovations and techniques.

The scope of practice of an oncologist is largely directed by the stage of the malignancy (cancer). For example, the treatment of early-stage cancer may involve surgery or radiation, while advanced-stage cancer may require chemotherapy.These specialists work as part of a multidisciplinary team which may include a pathologist, radiologist, primary care physician, geneticist, palliative care specialist, oncology nurse, and organ-specific oncologists.

Oncologists are physicians who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. There are three main types of oncologists.

Nuclear medicine is a branch of medicine that uses radiation to provide information about the functioning of a person's specific organs or to treat disease. Medical imaging is the technique and process of creating visual representations of the interior of a body for clinical analysis and medical intervention, as well as visual representation of the function of some organs or tissues.

Medical Oncology is a type of treatment where Cancer cells are treated with chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, biological therapy, and targeted therapy.

Researchers have learned a lot about how cancer genes work. But many cancers are not linked with a specific gene. Cancer likely involves multiple gene mutations. Moreover, some evidence suggests that genes interact with their environment. This further complicates our understanding of the role genes play in cancer.

Researchers continue to study how genetic changes affect cancer development. This knowledge has led to improvements in cancer care, including early detection, risk reduction.

Oncology Nursing is a field involving practice encompasses the roles of direct caregiver, educator, consultant, administrator, and researcher. Oncology and cancer nursing extends to all care delivery settings where clients experiencing or at risk for developing cancer receive health care, education, and counselling for cancer prevention, screening and detection. It also involves appropriate screenings and other preventative practices, symptom management, care to retain as much normal functioning as possible, and supportive measures upon end of life.

A cancer biomarker refers to a substance or process that is indicative of the presence of cancer in the body. A biomarker may be a molecule secreted by a tumor or a specific response of the body to the presence of cancer. Genetic, epigenetic, proteomic, glycomic, and imaging biomarkers can be used for cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and epidemiology. Ideally, such biomarkers can be assayed in non-invasively collected bio fluids like blood or serum.
One of the most well-known cancer biomarkers is Prostate-specific antigen, or PSA, and elevated levels of PSA in men tend to signal for prostate cancer. Actually, cancer biomarkers are more than just a signal of the disease, and have many roles in the fight against cancer.

Cancer research and metabolomics and has become an important application in its own right—cancer metabolism on a system-wide scale. There have been numerous discoveries and publications focused on understanding the mechanisms of carcinogenesis and proliferation, as well as the identification of putative biomarkers in biofluid and biopsy samples. With the potential to measure the phenome on a system-wide level, metabolomics has become the tool of choice, complementing genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics in the field of oncology and advancing the understanding of cellular transformation.
Cancer cells and their metabolic regulation rely on a variety of metabolic fuels and nutrients. In cancer cells, metabolism is dramatically altered relative to that of normal cells, supporting accelerated cell proliferation, adaption to the tumor microenvironment, and survival.

Brain Cancer occurs when abnormal cells form within the brain. The symptoms of Brain stem tumors vary greatly and can include Ataxia, Cranial Nerve Palsy, headaches, problems with speech and swallowing, hearing loss, weakness, Hemiparesis, vision abnormalities, ptosis, and behavioural changes. Another possible symptom is vomiting. Any brain cancer is inherently serious and life-threatening because of its invasive and infiltrative character in the limited space of the Intracranial Cavity.

Cancers are often described by the body part that they originated in. However, some body parts contain multiple types of tissue, so for greater precision, cancers can additionally be classified by the type of cell that the tumor cells originated from. The type of cancer a person has needed to be known properly as different types of cancer can behave very differently and respond to different treatments.

Below are the major types of Cancer.

Breast Cancer, Gynaecologic Cancers -Cervical Cancer, Uterus Cancer, Ovarian Cancer, Vulvar Cancer, Brain Cancer, Bone Cancer, Prostate Cancer, Lung Cancer, Lymphoma, Leukemia, Liver Cancer, Blood Cancer, Eye Cancer, Skin Cancer etc.

Cancer’s effects are far more than physical. Many survivors find that cancer’s impact spills over into the emotional, psychological and spiritual realms. This might happen either during or right after treatment - or not for years.

How we live can have pro­found effects on our health and wellness. This also applies for people who have cancer. A healthy lifestyle can support cancer treatments and help you feel better. It may also improve your long-term health.

Cancer epigenetics is the study of epigenetic modifications to the DNA of cancer cells that do not involve a change in the nucleotide sequence. Epigenetic alterations may be just as important, or even more important, than genetic mutations in a cell's transformation to cancer. In cancers, loss of expression of genes occurs about 10 times more frequently by transcription silencing (caused by epigenetic promoter hypermethylation of CpG islands) than by mutations. Oncogenomics is a sub-field of genomics that characterizes cancer-associated genes. It focuses on genomic, epigenomic and transcript alterations in cancer.

Various types of cancers are classified based on site of origin or affected tissues or cells such as Carcinoma, Sarcoma, Lymphoma, Leukemia, Myeloma and Mixed type cancer. Cancer that originates from epithelial layer of cells that form the lining of external part of the body or internal lining of organs within the body are called Carcinoma. Sarcoma originates in connective tissues such as muscles, bones, cartilage. Myeloma type cancer arises from plasma cells of bone marrow. It is a type of blood cancer. Leukemia is a type of cancer in which tumour cells affect blood cells. Cancer originated from lymphatic system is called lymphoma. Breast cancer, liver cancer, colorectal cancer, cervical cancer, lung cancer and pancreatic cancer are organ specific cancer.

Cancer screening tests aim to find cancer early, before it causes symptoms and when it may be easier to treat successfully. Effective screening tests are those that:

Find cancer early

• Reduce the chance that someone who is screened regularly will die from the cancer
• Have more potential benefits than harms. (Possible harms of screening tests include bleeding or other physical damage, inaccurate test results, and overdiagnosis—the diagnosis of cancers that would not have caused problems and did not need treatment.)
• Diagnosing cancer at its earliest stages often provides the best chance for a cure. With this in mind, talk with your doctor about what types of cancer screening may be appropriate for you.
• For a few cancers, studies show screening tests can save lives by diagnosing cancer early. For other cancers, screening tests are recommended only for people with increased risk.

Cancer vaccines generally either treat existing cancer or prevent development of a cancer. Cancer treatment vaccines are made up of cancer cells, parts of cells, or pure antigens. Sometimes a patient’s own immune cells are removed and exposed to these substances in the lab to create the vaccines.

Phase l trials are the final step in a long process that begins with research in a lab. Before any new treatment is used with people in clinical trials, researchers work for many years to understand its effects on cancer cells in the lab and in animals. They also try to figure out the side effects it may cause.

Continuous Anticancer drug discovery and development is critical to find a complete cure for cancer. Due to the drug resistance developed by tumour cells for existing treatments, this is becoming a mandatory approach to fight the disease.

• Various kinase enzymes are important in control of cell growth and the replication cycle. These can act as regulators of cell division checkpoints to insure the integrity of DNA replication through sensing DNA damage and initiating repair, while halting cell cycle. Many cancerous cells are deficient in DNA damage checkpoints due to deletion or mutation in p53 pathway. This provides an opportunity to selectively target tumour cells to enhance the ionization effect or widely used DNA damaging cancer chemotherapies.

Natural medicine aims to restore body’s ability to protect, regulate and heal itself. This looks at your physical, mental and emotional wellbeing. It is also called as phytomedicine, phytotherapy or botanical therapy. Alternative therapy that is followed by the cancer patients is herbal medicine.